ZAKAT/ ZAKAH

Zakah
Zakat is one of the major religious duties in Islam. Literally, zakah means to "purify". It refers to the purification of a Muslim's wealth and soul. Wealth purification denotes the mobilization of assets for the purpose of financial growth and justified distribution. Purification of the soul implies freedom from hatred, jealousy, selfishness, uneasiness and greed. Other Qur'anic connotations include the purification of sin. Technically, zakah is a fixed proportion collected from the surplus wealth and earnings of a Muslim. It is then distributed to prescribed beneficiaries and for the welfare as well as the infrastructure of a Muslim society in general. This contribution is made payable by a Muslim once in every lunar year (Islamic Calendar/Hijri). Zakah is paid on the net balance after a Muslim has spent on basic necessities, family expenses, due credits, donations and taxes. Every Muslim male or female who at the end of the Hijri year is in possession of the equivalent of 85 grams of gold or more in cash or articles of trade, must pay his or her zakah at the minimum rate of 2.5%. Zakah has a deep humanitarian and social-political value. This religious act prevents the hoarding of wealth and advocates solidarity amongst Muslims because excessive wealth is distributed amongst the poor. The paying of zakah also helps purify one's soul and encourages a Muslim to have gratitude towards God's bounties.
As it has been mentioned, zakah is mentioned vis-à-vis with Salat (prayer) in 30 verses of the Qur'an. It was first revealed in Surah Al Muzzamil: 20;
".... and establish regular prayers and give regular charity; and loan to Allah a beautiful loan. And whatever good ye send forth for your souls, ye shall find it in Allah's presence, Yea, better and greater in reward and seek ye the grace of Allah: for Allah is oft-forgiving, Most Merciful."
In another verse, Allah declares that those who pay zakah, are included within the Muslim society (Jama'atul Islamiah) - At Taubah: 11
"But (even so), if they repent, establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, they are your brethren in Faith: (thus) do We explain the Signs in detail, for those who understand."
GOD Most High said: They were enjoined only to worship God, sincere in their faith in Him alone - and of upright religion - and to establish the Salat and the Zakat. Such is the upright religion, [98:5] and: Those who lay up treasures of gold and silver and spend them not in the way of God; give them the news of a painful punishment, on the Day when that [wealth] will be heated in hellfire, and their foreheads and their sides and their backs branded therewith: "This is the treasure which you laid up for yourselves! Taste, then, your hoarded treasure!" [9:34-35] and: Let not those who are miserly with what God has given them of His bounty think that this is good for them. Rather, it is bad for them. That which they withhold shall be hung around their necks on the Day of Arising. [3:180]
Bukhari and Muslim relate on the authority of Ibn `Abbas (radiyallahu `anhu) that the Messenger of God (sallallahu `alayhi wa sallam) sent Mu`adh to the Yemen he told him, "You are going to a people who have a Scripture, so call them to testify that there is no deity but God, and that I am the Messenger of God. If they respond to this, then teach them that God has imposed five Salats upon them in every day. If they respond to this, then teach them that God has imposed upon them a charity to be taken from the wealthy amongst them and given to their poor. If they respond to this, then beware of taking any more of their wealth! Beware also of the prayer of the oppressed, for there is no veil between such a prayer and God."
Bukhari relates on the authority of Abu Hurayra that the Prophet (sallallahu `alayhi wa sallam) said, "Whoever is given wealth by God and does not pay the Zakat due thereupon shall find that on the Day of Arising it is made to appear to him as a hairless snake with two black specks, which chains him, and then seizes him by his jaw and says, 'I am your wealth! I am your treasure!'" Then he recited the verse, 'Let not those who are miserly with what God has given them of His bounty think that this is good for them. Rather, it is bad for them. That which they withhold shall be hung around their necks on the Day of Arising.' [3:180]


Conditions for Zakah

Several conditions must be fulfilled before zakah can be paid. These conditions are necessary as zakah can only be applied on those who are of legal age and who own enough assets. These conditions are categorized into two broad categories, namely performer and asset.

Zakah Performer MuslimEvery Muslim who is of a certain age and owns enough assets is required to pay zakah.

Zakah AssetFull Ownership A Muslim will only be required to pay zakah if he or she has full and legal ownership of an asset.

Zakah is payable only on those assets that are acquired for the purpose of creating or generating wealth. Some examples of this type of assets are livestock or crops that are traded or sold, inventory of goods used for trading, and investments such as gold or securities that have potential for appreciation in value. However, zakah is not payable in the case of fixed assets such as buildings, if they are not subjected to "capital circulation".
Assets that exceed a minimum value

Zakah need only be paid on those assets that exceed a minimum value. This minimum value is calculated based on the market price of 85 grams of gold or 595 grams of pure silver. This minimum value is termed Nisab. The Islamic Fiqh and Research Councils, as well as Jumhur (majority) of Ulama' recommend that gold be used as the basis for the calculation of nisab.

Completion of Haul
Haul is defined as the completion period for a zakah asset. The length of time for haul is one Islamic or Hijri year (1 year Hijri = 354.5 days, 1 year Solar = 365.25 days). Zakah is only payable on assets that have been held for at least this period.

Beneficiaries of Zakah
The Holy Qur'an (Sura Al-Tauba: 60) classifies the due recipients of zakat under the following eight categories.
"Zakat is for the poor, and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and the new converts, and for those who are in bondage, and in debt and service of the cause of Allah, and for the wayfarers, a duty ordained by Allah, and Allah is the All-Knowing, the Wise".
Zakah can only be distributed to any of the eight eligible beneficiaries (asnaf) that are mentioned in the Qur'an, At Taubah: 60. However, priority should be given to the poor and needy. Where there is no central authority to administer zakah, it can be paid directly to the needy.
"Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom." At Taubah : 60
The poor (Faqir/Fuqara)Those without any means of livelihood and material possessions.
The needy (Miskeen)Those without sufficient means of livelihood to meet their basic necessities. For instance, those who, although may have a job, a house and a car, but whose income is below the minimum requirement.
The administrators of zakah (Amil)Those appointed to manage and administer zakah. This category is sub-divided into the following categories:

Group of people who go out to the society and determine those who fall Fuqara and Miskeen categories.
Those who collect the Zakah money.
The accountant of the Zakah money.
The administrator, manager, clerical worker or secretary who puts the files in order.
Those who handle Zakah distributions.
The auditor who audits overall Zakah management and administration.
The sympathisers (Muallaf)Those who are inclined to enter or have already converted to Islam.
To free slaves (Riqab)Zakah can also be used to free slaves or captives.
Those who are in debt (Gharimin)Zakah can be used to pay off the debts of a person who has borrowed to pay for basic necessities so that he/she can lead a normal life. Zakah can also be distributed to those in financial difficulties e.g. bankruptcy due to the loss of employment and heavy debt.

For the cause of Allah (Fisabillillah)Zakah can be used to finance any form of struggle or work for the love of Allah. The following examples fall under this category, e.g. Da'wah; building & developing society's infrastructure; defending Muslims, who are being oppressed; assisting poor travellers and sponsoring a student's educational expenses.

Those who are stranded during a journey (Ibnus Sabil)Zakah can also be used to help a traveller facing difficulties in continuing his journey due to reasons such as loss of money or the break down of his vehicles, the repair of which he cannot afford.


Types of Zakah

Zakah Fitr
Zakah Fitr is a one off payment that is made once in every Muslim Hijri calendar year at any time between the first day of the month of Ramadhan and the first day of Shawal. All Muslims are obliged to pay this, regardless of their age, status or wealth. The amount of zakah payable is approximately 3kg of staple food in the relevant country or an amount of money that is equivalent to the price of the food.

Zakah Al-Mal (on wealth)
Zakah al-Mal is an annual payment based on the amount of wealth owned by a Muslim individual or organization. This payment is obligatory upon any Muslim individual or organization that has completed the requirement of Nisab (minimum taxable amount) and Haul (one Muslim Hijri calendar year). The payment is 2.5% out of the total wealth deemed for zakah.


Zakah al-Mal can be subdivided into zakah on:
Business
Rental Income
Personal Income
Savings
Gold and Silver
Shares
Livestock
Crop

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